Most but not all crusades were officially declared by the pope. In 1492 the last Moslems in Spain were driven out in a violent attack akin to a crusade. But there was also a crusade against the Cathars, a Christian sect in southern France (the Albigensian Crusade), and crusades against Mongols and Slavs (though I have yet to find any historical novels about these latter). The various crusades against the Muslim rulers of Jerusalem during late eleventh through the thirteenth centuries are usually what spring to mind when people talk of the Crusades. History recognizes nine distinct crusades, religious wars waged by Christian Europe against peoples they considered to be heretics or infidels. The Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition in France and SpainĬlick on the title for more information from Powell's Books or another online source, or if you're outside the U.S., try The Book Depository. Crusades of the Twelfth Century in the Middle EastĬrusades of the Thirteenth Century and Later in the Middle East
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